Whiteflies are moth - similar insect belong to to the family Aleyrodidae . whitefly are not unfeigned flies but belong to the order Hemiptera ( true hemipteran ) . Together with aphid and scale insects , they belong to the sectionalization Sternorrhyncha . In protected crops , the most common species are the greenhouse whitefly , genus Trialeurodes vaporariorum , and the tobacco whitefly , Bemisia tabaci . In out-of-door crops whitefly cause pregnant damage , variety of crops such as tomato , cabbage , potato and citrus tree .
Life CycleAdult female live up to six weeks , and can make up to 200 eggs , normally laying them on new plant ontogeny on the undersides of leaves . Whiteflies undergo six discrete developmental level : bollock , first , second , third , and fourth larval instars , and finally , the adult point . The recent fourth larval leg is often called a ' pupa . ' The eggs are lay upright , spindle - mold , and attached to a unretentive pedicle . Upon hatching , the young larva , make love as ' angleworm , ' have well - developed leg and aerial and actively seek a suitable patch on the leaf to feed .
Once they find a alimentation spot , they remain there for the residual of their larval development . The fourth larval instar , when the violent center of the adult whitefly become visible , is also referred to as a ' pupa . ' Whitefly metal money are most easy distinguish at the pupal point . The grownup whitefly emerges from the hardened epidermis of the pupa through a characteristic T - regulate opening produce by splitting along pre - existent seam on the upper surface . Newly issue adults have two pairs of limpid wing , which afterwards become covered with a white , waxy powder , contribute the insect its characteristic appearance . pornographic whiteflies typically reside on the undersurface of young leaves where they lay their nut .
PreferencesThe nursery whitefly and baccy whitefly can prosper on a wide of the mark range of different host plants from all personal manner of families . Whitefly can seem on various vegetable crops , include tomato , cucumber , aubergine , courgette , attic , and pepper as well as tater . A whole host of ornamental crops , include rose , genus Gerbera , hibiscus , and poinsettia , are also not secure from whitefly .
The problem inside the greenhouse is more acute than outside , as temperatures in spite of appearance tend to be higher . This excite the development of the plague . In addition , rain and wind are factors that pretend outdoor areas , lower the risk of exposure of infestation .
The spread of whiteflyDepending on the coinage , whitefly development of the whitefly universe is optimal at temperature between 20 and 30 ° hundred . Flying adult insects circulate the infestation , but attacks from outside the greenhouse are also a scourge .
The nursery whitefly tends to diffuse over the flora vertically , deliberate that the larvae can only move in the first stage . The grownup insect prefer to lay their eggs on young leave of absence of the flora , and this is where you tend to incur the eggs and immature larvae of greenhouse whitefly .
If the population on the infected plant grows too large , the adult insects will fly to another industrial plant in search of somewhere to lay their eggs . An attack from outside the nursery also poses a threat of cattle farm .
Spread over the plantIn contrast to the greenhouse whitefly , which prefers to reside inside the plant life , the tobacco whitefly spreads out over the flora in its totality . The females lie their eggs on the underside of the leave , just the same . fully grown insect can scatter by fly or simply on the nothingness .
While the glasshouse whitefly prefers temperatures to be on the more moderate side , the tobacco whitefly is in its chemical element in gamy temperatures . An grownup female person is capable of surviving for ten to fifteen days at temperature around 30 ° degree centigrade . At the same time , an infestation can also live in and survive cold/ winter conditions , even in an empty greenhouse devoid of server plants . However , the tobacco whitefly can not outlast temperatures below freezing .
Damage and Economic ConsequenceWhitefly pose a significant terror to a diversity of indoor and outside crop include annual , perennials , herb , and vegetable bedding works . get hold predominantly on the underside of plant leaves , both nymph and adults have piercing - sucking mouthparts , enabling them to excerpt plant fluids . The appetite of whitefly larvae for plant sap results in the elimination of excess sugar as honeydew . This honeydew excretion brings about several consequences listed below :
Whitefly also answer as transmitter for conduct virus between industrial plant , posing additional peril to agricultural and horticultural crops . The nursery whitefly can transmit more than 25 virus with ' Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus ' ( TYLCV ) as one of the most serious .
The larva of the Tobacco Whitefly inject enzymes into the plant , causing scathe . This can admit maverick ripen in tomatoes and peppers , yellow of flower stem in genus Gerbera , and serious yellowing of the leafage in light-green beans
Extensive eating can decelerate flora growth and cause foliage to wilt and drop . This significantly touch yield developing and yield .
The importance of strategic integrated blighter management ( IPM)Whitefly pose substantial challenge to greenhouse culture , but with an incorporate overture to pest management ( IPM ) , their encroachment can be minimized sustainably . A holistic approach not only helps to extenuate the developing of resistivity in whitefly populations but also promotes a respectable and more sustainable growing environment . Additionally , IPM strategies believe factors such as crop tolerance , pest threshold , and environmental status , allowing for precise and efficient management tailored to the specific needs of each greenhouse operation . Regular monitoring , other spotting , and proactive management are primal to success in managing Whiteflies
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